"Physical therapy is not a subspecialty of the medical profession and physical therapists are not medical doctors; we are a separate profession that provides a unique service that physicians are unable and untrained to provide."

Letter to the AMA from the APTA, Dec 2009

Showing posts with label low back pain. Show all posts
Showing posts with label low back pain. Show all posts

Saturday, April 21, 2012

Low Back Pain guidelines published by Orthopaedic Section of APTA

Just published are the Low Back Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association.

The guidelines are VERY comprehensive and cover a broad amount of information, from pathology to psychosocial factors to some of the basic special tests you learned in PT school.

What you will NOT find...
  • No pelvic landmarks
  • No trigger points
  • No palpation for tenderness (only in the case of a spinal compression fracture)
I hope this doesn't slay too many sacred cows but if you have any doubt, or if you'd just like to read a great work by some research AND clinical physical therapists then I highly recommend these new guidelines.

Tuesday, November 8, 2011

Good Timing: November JOSPT and the October Archives of Internal Medicine

The Top Five overused clinical activities published in the October 2011 Archives of Internal Medicine includes at least one activity that affects many physical therapists' patients: imaging for lower back pain.

Overused Clinical ActivityRankCost to American Patients (in millions of dollars)
Expensive Brand Name Statins for Hypercholesterolemia1$5,800
Dual X-ray (DEXA) bone scans for Osteoporosis2$527
ANY imaging for Lower Back Pain3$175
Antibiotics for Children with Viral Colds4$116
Pap Tests for Patients Under 21 years of age5$47

The "Top Five" collectively surpass $6 billion dollars in wasted healthcare dollars and, according to the study authors, the Good Stewardship Working Group of primary care physicians...
"All activities were believed to be common in primary care but of little benefit to patients."
This Archives article coincides nicely with the November Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapists (JOSPT) in which Flynn, Smith and Chou discuss the Appropriate Use of Diagnostic Imaging in Low Back Pain: A Reminder That Unnecessary Imaging May Do as Much Harm as Good.

Not only is imaging lower back pain expensive, but the patient ends up more likely to have back surgery after physicians view the image.

Further, the visualization by the patient of something "wrong" in their spine leads to avoidance of normal, healthy activity.

If the coincident publication of these two articles wasn't planned then I guess it's just good timing.

Monday, December 14, 2009

Sugar, Fat and Physical Therapy

Can diet affect physical therapy outcomes?

Does the typical 'American diet' - high fat, high sugar - lead to the expression of anxiety-related behaviors?

University of South Florida researcher David Diamond, PhD recently found that a high carbohydrate/high fat diet caused 'avoidance behaviors' and anxiety among rats.

Dr. Diamond presented his findings at the Society of Neuroscience meeting in Chicago in November 2009.

Dr. Diamond concluded:
"This work indicates that the combination of high fat and sugar diets, as is found in typical American foods such as donuts, cheeseburgers and french fries, not only contributes to obesity, but may also contribute to the development of anxiety disorders."
He has also published studies on the link among high fat diets, chronic stress and the development of anxiety.

Now, I know you don't treat rats (not even the animal physical therapists!) but the effect of diet on mood and affect may have implications for physical therapy treatments - on humans.

I wonder if diet affects physical therapy outcomes?

Fear Avoidance Behaviors (FAB) may be the largest single, measurable factors leading to disability in people with musculoskeletal disorders seen in physical therapy clinics.

Fear-Avoidance Behaviors may explain why some people recover from their acute episode but never regain their full function and eventually go on to suffer recurrences of pain and disability - consuming greater and greater amounts of health services during their lives.

The 1987 Volvo Award in Clinical Medicine went went to Dr. Gordon Waddell of Scotland for his work in quantifying a test (Waddell's Signs) that proposed to assess 'illness behaviour' in orthopedic patients.

Dr. Waddell's 'illness behavior' was described in his award-winning study: A New Clinical Model for the Treatment of Low Back Pain.

'Illness behavior' morphed into the Fear-Avoidance Model that may explain from 15-30% of the variance in rehabilitative outcomes - the largest single factor physical therapists can modify in our patients.

Waddell's signs have since proved to be more 'common sense' than statistically predictive (Waddell's Signs have a positive Likelihood Ratio of 1.7).

Dr. Waddell, however, explained that:
...pathoanatomy does not correlate with pain and this is why we must take a functional approach.
The treatment goal is not pain relief but disability prevention.
The Fear-Avoidance Model improves physical therapists' diagnoses by shifting the emphasis during examination away from patho-anatomy and towards psychosocial stressors consistent with the Biopsychosocial Model.

Dr. Diamond's rats fed the 'American diet' exhibited 'stronger evidence of fear memories' and more fear on tests of memory and anxiety.

Physical therapists can modify or reduce Fear-Avoidance Behaviors by the use of:
"...effective brief psycho-educational strategies that can address the cognitive and affective processes that motivate pain-related activity avoidance."
Should we try to improve our patients' functional outcomes by providing advice on their diet?

Sunday, October 5, 2008

Use the ICF Core Set to diagnose lower back pain

Sooner or later physical therapists will be required by Medicare and commercial insurance companies to identify the impairments we treat by using the ICF Core Set.

Might as well start now.

Basically, you do it now when you select an ICD-9 code for your patient when you bill American Medicare.

For instance, 724.04 is lower back and leg pain due to spondylotic changes. While accurate, in many cases, this pathologic diagnosis is also not very informative for PT decision-making.

Like, what body part is stiff?

Are the hips affected?

Should I manipulate the patient's lumbar spine?

Which muscles need strengthening?

While the ICF Core Set is no substitute for clinical training, experience and a sharp mind it is a step in the right direction of getting physical therapists away from thinking about pathology and thinking about function.

Link the patients' activity limitations to their impairments in body structure and function.

Your assessment of the link is your physical therapy diagnosis.

Thursday, December 27, 2007

SIMPLE Describes Low Back Pain

The SIMPLE movements reflect a common problem.

The SIMPLE movements were derived from my observation that many patients in my practice suffered from disordered movement patterns that result from and contribute to lumbar spinal stenosis.

The interesting thing that I noticed after I had started to gather the data was that many patients who had not (yet) developed radiographic evidence of stenosis, nevertheless, displayed many of the same impairments in strength and range of motion as those patients who had a medical diagnosis of spinal stenosis from their physician.

Low back pain is an endpoint and lumbar spinal stenosis is the last step in the degenerative cascade that originates with disordered movements in our earliest years.

Patients present to many practitioners at points along the way to their penultimate point and it is my hope that SIMPLE can be used to describe the physical dimension of those points.

In my naiveté I persist in believing that if we can describe a physical process then we can change it.

SIMPLE Bias

At this point I should acknowledge an obvious bias in the SIMPLE system: an exercise bias.

SIMPLE is designed to provide the physical therapist with goals and interventions that are amenable to therapeutic exercise and (to a lesser extent) manual therapy.

This bias is not accidental.

The physical therapy profession is well positioned to lead the public in modern exercise attitudes and in movement awareness. Exercise is very nearly synonymous with the phrase ‘physical therapy’.

The connection between exercise and physical therapy exists, not because of advertising and marketing, but because of a real need and a demand for skilled exercise services.

The connection between exercise and physical therapy is not complete since the association with exercise is ‘flavored’ by athletic trainers, personal trainers, exercise physiologists, aerobics instructors, coaches and fitness gurus.

To control the domain of exercise then physical therapists need to measure movement.
If a physical therapist can tell their patient the exact amount and quality of their existing movement impairment then the physical therapist can prescribe exercise precisely to correct the impairment.

To measure movement physical therapists need simple and precise tools that determine the extent of their patient’s involvement and that can help decide the proper intervention.

In Outpatient Physical Therapy for Musculoskeletal Conditions, Stephanie Carter, PT, PhD says the following:

“It is not known how many people with musculoskeletal conditions actually need physical therapy services, and no criteria exist for making this determination”8


SIMPLE is predicated upon the following assumption:

The presence of impairments (with or without pain) should be the criteria for determining those people who need skilled exercise intervention.

The role of SIMPLE is to help physical therapists measure the presence or the absence of impairments that affect physical function and thereby become better decision-makers and better diagnosticians.

To physical therapists, physical therapy is much more than just exercise.

To physical therapists’ patients, however, physical therapy is just what physical therapists do.

The patient doesn’t know the difference and the patient doesn’t care.

The patient just wants to get better.

Tim

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Tim Richardson, PT owns a private practice at Medical Arts Rehabilitation, Inc in Palmetto, Florida. The clinic website is at MedicalArtsRehab.com.

Bulletproof Expert Systems: Clinical Decision Support for Physical Therapists in the Outpatient Setting is a manager's workbook with stories, checklists, charts, graphs, tables, and templates describing how you can use paper-based or computerized tools to improve your clinic's Medicare compliance, process adherence and patient outcomes.

Tim has implemented a computerized Clinical Decision Support (CDS) system in his clinic since 2006 that serves as a Reminder, Alerting, Prompting and Predicting CDS using evidence-based tests and measures.

Tim can be reached at
TimRichPT@BulletproofPT.com .

"Make Decisions like Doctors"


Copyright 2007-2010 by Tim Richardson, PT.
No reproduction without authorization.

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